This is a significant gap in knowledge since vagal signaling promotes insulin sensitivity in other peripheral organs, and the loss of vagal activity associates with insulin resistance (Xie et al., 1993; Xie and Lautt, 1994, 1995, 1996), leading some to conclude that vagal activity is critical to overall insulin sensitivity (Lautt, 1999). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.