In line with this, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-8, CCL2, TGFβ, TNF and IL-1β have been found in the CSF of sporadic CJD cases (Sharief et al., 1999; Van Everbroeck et al., 2002; Stoeck et al., 2006; Stoeck et al., 2014), with increased IL-1β levels correlating with the number of activated microglia at early stages of the disease (Van Everbroeck et al., 2002). Here, IL1B is linked to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.