In addition to bacterial infection, JQ1 also inhibits the upregulation of immune genes (e.g., IL1B, IL6, interferon beta 1 [IFNB1], ISG15 ubiquitin like modifier [ISG15], and interferon gamma [IFNG]) during infection with viruses (e.g., Pseudorabies virus, Herpes simplex virus, and Ectromelia virus), fungi (e.g., Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus), and parasites (e.g., Schistosoma japonicum) (Wang et al., 2021; Dominguez-Andres et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020). Here, ISG15 is linked to infection.