Adjusting for age and gender showed a significant decrease in both the total number of Calr-ir interneurons and Calr-ir Golgi cells in DS compared to AD and HC (ANCOVA, p < 0.001), while the number of Lugaro (ANCOVA, p = 0.04) and brush (ANCOVA, p = 0.005) Calr containing cells were greater in HC compared to DS with or without dementia (Figures 9N,P) but not AD. The gene discussed is CALR; the disease is dementia.