In the present study, we observed APP/Aβ and Aβ42 positive cerebellar plaques and blood vessels as well as Aβ40 leptomeningeal vessels, but not Aβ40 plaques, or NFTs in dementia and non-dementia DS cases (Tamaoka et al., 1995; Mann et al., 1996; Wang et al., 2002). This evidence concerns the gene APP and dementia.