TNF and epilepsy: Genetic biomarkers, such as the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor gene, 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) receptor gene, sodium channel voltage-gated type I-alpha (SCN1A) gene, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), and inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1) gene, and inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α) may offer help in diagnosing epilepsy (Symonds et al., 2017).