ERVW-1 and infection: Further augmentation of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in HAND comes from HIV and infection-induced cytokines’ (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) ability to dynamically activate HERVs, such as HERV-W (Uleri et al., 2014) and HERV-K (Bhardwaj et al., 2014; O’Carroll et al., 2020).