CCL2 and pneumonia: In prior cases of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV infection (2003), it was found that the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TGF-dv) and chemokines (CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10 and IL-8) in patients infected with SARS-CoV were higher than in healthy patients, while the level of the cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (IL-10) in seriously ill patients was significantly lower than in healthy counterparts [75].