In accordance with the above results, the mRNA expression levels of representative pro-inflammatory mediators and immune modulators, including IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IRF-5, MMP-12, TNF-α, TGF-β, and cathepsin S, were lower in the emphysema with high-fiber diet group than those in the emphysema group. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is pulmonary emphysema.