In addition, the level of PTEN and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MEK1 were reduced in the CRS-treated mice with the injection of VO-Ohpic compared with CRS-treated mice without VO-Ohpic treatment (Fig. 2b, c, e, f), showing that the PTEN activity is suppressed by the application of VO-Ohpic. Here, MAPK3 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.