FN1 and neoplasm: Fn species are known to induce the expression of β-defensin and TNF-α and invasion of heterogeneous human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma in the Caco-2 cell lines.18,22,23 Also, these have been associated with increased chemotherapeutic resistance in tumors via regulation of tumor cell autophagy.23 Akin to other gram-negative bacteria, Fn shed EVs (FnEVs) that are composed of bacterial outer membrane and periplasmic components.24 However, FnEVs have not been fully characterized yet.