Furthermore, a study showed that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulates cell lines of human renal cell carcinoma to increase transcription and protein levels of TAP 1 and LMP 2 (16), indicating that co-transcriptional upregulation of IFN-γ-mediated TAP 1 and LMP 2 expression can lead to increased immune system recognition of renal cell cancer cells, thereby avoiding immune escape. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma.