CD4 and renal cell carcinoma: Schwaab et al. (129) performed a study in which a combination vaccine of autologous tumor cells and GM-CSF was administered to 22 patients with stage II to IV RCC pathology to determine the tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell precursors associated with treatment and the results showed that tumor specific CD4+ (P = 0.028) and CD8+ (P = 0.018) T cell precursors increased significantly during treatment.