INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Although many beneficial effects associated with MA, such as it can promote wound healing (13), ameliorate lung fibrosis in mice (14), inhibit proliferation and invasion of liver cancer cells (15), prevent neurodegenerative diseases (16), stimulate insulin secretion (17), and relieve osteoarthritis (18) have been reported, research on the effects of MA on obesity has not yet been developed, and so this study aimed to evaluate the interplay between obesity and MA and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms.