CSF2 and neoplasm: However, GM-CSF could also induce M1 macrophage polarization and activate macrophages to exert an antitumor function.40,159,160 In another virus-related tumor immunotherapy study, Danyang Wang et al. used an NF-κB-activating gene expression adeno-associated virus system to express an artificial neoantigen on the tumor cell surface, which could be targeted by specific immune cells.