HAVCR2 and cancer: Recent studies have demonstrated that activation of both inhibitory IC ligands and receptors including PD-L1, PD-L2, TIM-3 and PD-1 on the surface of cancer cells promoted various immune-independent hallmarks of cancer such as an altered metabolism, proliferation, invasion and metastasis, DNA repair and chemoresistance [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) suppressed various hallmarks of cancer including invasion, chemoresistance, proliferation, glycolysis and DNA repair [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20].