In addition, PFA-fixed and heat-killed LgyLRV1+ did not induce the pro-inflammatory response since only very low levels of TNF-α were detected at 24 hrs post-infection by ELISA in comparison to live or UV-treated LgyLRV1+ (S6E Fig) suggesting that heat and PFA treatment of parasites possibly prevented the activation of the LRV1/TLR-3 axis. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.