Although NRF2 is likely activated following infection with L. donovani [36,37], L. chagasi [38] or L. braziliensis [39], as evidenced by increased expression of NRF2-regulated genes such as Hmox1, the underlying signaling pathway leading to NRF2 activation in L. spp. infection is still not well defined, apart from L. amazonensis infection. Here, HMOX1 is linked to infection.