NFE2L2 and infection: Although NRF2 is likely activated following infection with L. donovani [36,37], L. chagasi [38] or L. braziliensis [39], as evidenced by increased expression of NRF2-regulated genes such as Hmox1, the underlying signaling pathway leading to NRF2 activation in L. spp. infection is still not well defined, apart from L. amazonensis infection.