In addition, when we focused on Leishmania guyanensis parasites, which bear an endosymbiotic dsRNA virus known to exacerbate the disease and dissemination of the infection, we concluded that NRF2 limited inflammation and pathology by controlling the levels of the anti-Leishmania cytokine TNF-α which can cause tissue destruction in patients suffering of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Here, TNF is linked to infection.