LCN2 and acute kidney injury: Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-18 (IL-18), liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and kidney injury molecule- (KIM-) 1 levels are sequential predictive biomarkers of AKI that correlate with disease severity and clinical outcomes in pediatric patients who undergo CPB [103, 104].