We have previously shown that high densities of TLS-DC or TLS-B cells are associated with prolonged survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (2, 5, 12), and that TLS-B cellhigh tumors are also linked to the development of tumor antigen-specific antibodies (2) and increased TIL CD4+ T cell repertoire clonality (13). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and neoplasm.