TAN is directly involved in HCC in vitro and vivo. TAN releases TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein 2, which upregulate miR301b-3p, which in turn is crucial for the formation of caner stem cells in HCC, which are characterized by low levels of E-cadherin and high levels of vimentin and N-cadherin (126). Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.