After correction for potentially confounding factors that are relevant for prognosis, including severity of liver damage, macrovascular tumour invasion, extrahepatic metastases, performance status, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), NAFLD remained independently associated with shortened survival of patients with HCC after anti-PD1-treatment (HR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2–5.6; P = 0.017, Supplementary Table 9). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.