Indeed, different fibrosis stages (F0–F4) in patients with NASH correlated directly with the expression of PDCD1, CCL2, IP10 and TNF, and the degree of fibrosis correlated with the numbers of CD4+, PD1+, and CD8+ T cells (Extended Data Fig. 10a–d, Supplementary Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.