CALR and neoplasm: As an ER chaperone, ERp57 is associated with CRT and CNX, participates in MHC class I molecule assembly 103, 104, regulates tumor cell immunogenicity 105, facilitates new glycoprotein synthesis and enhances oxidative refolding of denatured cells 106, functions as a 1,25D3-MARRS receptor 107, regulates gene transcription, binds to STAT3 and NF-κB, enhances MMC-induced DNA cross-linking and is involved in DNA repair processes and cytoskeletal remodeling (Figure 4).