APOE and Alzheimer disease: Further, the work so far at a population level has focused mainly on APOE. Case–control GWAS designs have been fruitful in identifying non-APOE risk variants for AD dementia, but may not be ideal to discover disease-specific resilience factors given the discrepancies between clinically diagnosed probable AD dementia versus biologically defined AD [5] as well as the heterogeneity amongst controls, some of whom may have extant AD pathophysiology while remaining non-demented at the time of study inclusion.