Therefore, it could be speculated that NF-κB pathway is likely the major signaling pathways in ATLL compared to other forms of HTLV-1 infection, as inhibition of NF-κB by a super-repressor form of IκBα (SR-IκBα) in infected T-cells in ATLL results in cell death regardless of Tax expression [20]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.