In summary, these results provide us with insight into understanding the dysfunction of CD8+ T cells induced by PD-1 and Tim-3 in the TME, as well as provide a rationale to combine SA-GM-CSF-anchored vaccine therapy with the blockade of PD-1 and/or Tim-3 to improve clinical outcome for bladder cancer patients. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.