Based on the roles of the SA-GM-CSF-anchored vaccine in antigen-specific CD8+ T cell activation 5 and the fact that activated T cells express a variety of inhibitory receptors, we speculated that PD-1 blockade may synergize with the SA-GM-CSF-anchored vaccine to enhance the tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response, and sequential administration of PD-1 and Tim-3 blockades in SA-GM-CSF-anchored vaccine therapy may hold greater potential for eliciting an immune response to eliminate bladder cancer. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.