To confirm the adaptive immune resistance in SA-GM-CSF-anchored vaccine treatment, in this study, we performed an in vivo experiment and found that the SA-GM-CSF-anchored vaccine significantly upregulated the expression of PD-L1 in the TME by staining the tumor tissue, but this increase in PD-L1 expression was significantly diminished when treated with an IFNγ-neutralizing antibody (Figure 3C). Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.