LCN2 and heart failure: Emerging evidence is available concerning the role of LCN-2 in endothelial function and vascular homeostasis.185,186 Augmented LCN-2 expression was found in atherosclerotic plaques and myocardial infarction, which may also mediate the innate immune response in heart failure.187 To evaluate the effect of LCN-2 deficiency on endothelium-dependent responses, an LCN2-KO genetically engineered mouse model was developed and showed an amelioration of endothelial dysfunction caused by dietary challenges.