At P < 0.05, we found that lower methylation of two CpG sites at the CHRNA5 locus was associated with increased risk of lung cancers (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell) and COPD, and lower methylation of a CpG in AMICA1 was associated with higher risk for lung cancer (adenocarcinoma but not squamous cell cancer; Table 3). This evidence concerns the gene CHRNA5 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.