For example, the discovery of immune checkpoints in the battle against cancer has revealed specific immunosuppressive signaling pathways, such as the interaction between programmed death (PD)‐1 receptor and its ligand PD‐L1 or the inhibitory cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4) binding costimulatory molecules on antigen‐presenting cells [19]. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and cancer.