Furthermore, TFAP2A has been shown to be widely expressed during embryonic development [65, 70], particularly in placenta where reduced expression of TFAP2A was identified in syncytiotrophoblast cells of pregnancies complicated by diabetes, hypertension and mild pre-eclampsia compared to age-matched controls, suggesting a link between TFAP2A expression and pregnancy outcomes [71]. This evidence concerns the gene TFAP2A and diabetes mellitus.