TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: In neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, FGF-23 can induce the expression of RAAS gene and transforming growth factor – β (TGF-β), and the expression of TGF-β can be reduced by RAAS inhibitor, which indicates that FGF-23 may promote myocardial fibrosis by activating local RAAS (Böckmann et al., 2019).