TRIM32 and retinal ciliopathy: So far, mutations in two UPS genes, both encoding E3 ubiquitin ligases, have been unequivocally determined as causative genes for inherited retinal ciliopathies in humans: TOPORS, causative of non-syndromic autosomal dominant RP, and TRIM32/BBS11, causative of syndromic autosomal recessive BBS (Chiang et al., 2006; Chakarova et al., 2011).