In this study, we measured the vaginal levels of nine cytokines, including: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (Yockey and Iwasaki, 2018; Fettweis et al., 2019), and asked whether these levels differed between TB and PTB groups. Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.