For example, the presence of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promoted the proto-tumor phenotype (N2-TANs), while the presence of interferon-β (IFN-β) or the suppression of the TGF-β signaling pathway led to an anti-tumor (or N1) phenotype in TANs (39, 40). This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and neoplasm.