In addition, it is hypothesized that the intrinsic resistance to immunotherapy observed in breast cancer may be due to low neoantigen levels, defective antigen presentation, and the presence of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and other immunosuppressive signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME), collectively promoting exclusion of effector T cells and natural killer (NK) cells from the tumor (4–7). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.