MMP2 and cancer: Cancer metastasis involves multistep processes, including cancer cell invasion to surrounding tissue and cell migration.25 Matrix metalloproteinase proteins (MMPs), especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, are key proteins in invasion as these proteins degrade components of extracellular matrix, allowing the cancer cells to invade their surrounding tissues.26 Hence, we checked the effect of PGV-1 and curcumin on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 using gelatin zymography (Figure 7).