CTNNB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC tumors in which Wnt signaling transducer β-catenin (CTNNB1) is mutated demonstrate higher GS expression, resulting in higher intracellular glutamine levels that activate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a complex that activates protein translation for cell growth and proliferation [81].