TGFB1 and neoplasm: Examples include the dual roles of TGFβ in reducing oxidative phosphorylation while enhancing glutamine anaplerosis [45], NANOG in repressing oxidative phosphorylation while upregulating fatty-acid oxidation in HCC tumor-initiating cells [50], and SALL4 in upregulating oxidative phosphorylation and urea-cycle intermediates [51].