The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, which typically present with inverse correlations to IFN-γ over the course of infection, have shown good potential in distinguishing disease states; thus, their inclusion is suggested for biomarker signatures that cover both early and late stages of infection and bTB, with the potential to enhance diagnostic Se or Sp particularly for enhanced detection of infected animals (37, 75, 78, 94, 95). Here, IL4 is linked to infection.