We found a significant increase in the levels of CSF-1, IL-6, and CCL-2, in IPF serum compared to HCs [793.7(228.5) vs 250.6(102.3) pg/ml, p<0.001;7.0(3.5–25.5) vs 1.6(1.0–3.2) pg/ml, p=0.02; and 1,087.0(916.2–1186.0) vs 650.8 (531.0–770.0) pg/ml, p=0.001, respectively) (Figures 1G–I). This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.