Interestingly, in addition to the transient Trap1 down-regulation in end-stage lupus disease (26) and Trap1 gene polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to SLE (27), Trap1 mutations have been linked to autoinflammation and impaired Trap1 function has been linked to increased cellular stress and elevated serum IL-18 concentrations (57). This evidence concerns the gene TRAP1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.