LIF and viral infectious disease: Moreover, basigin (alias CD147), which functions as a receptor for soluble cyclophilins and is involved in cyclophilin-mediated viral infection (38), was upregulated in T2D, together with its transcriptional target MMP-9; whereas LIF, an inhibitor of immune response afforded by T lymphocytes (39), and CD40L, a costimulatory ligand for CD40 involved in modulation of lymphocyte activation (40), were downregulated.