Studies aimed at investigating the association between schizophrenia and polymorphisms in genes encoding cytokines shown that the TGF-β1+869T>C gene polymorphism was associated with schizophrenia, especially in females in the context of a TGF-β and estradiol interaction, and the risk of schizophrenia was more than twofold higher in carriers of a T allele (CT+TT genotypes), in comparison with individuals with a CC genotype (140). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and schizophrenia.