STAT3 and gastric cancer: Studies have also shown that WCAF can inhibit the growth and liver metastasis of human colorectal cancer in nude mice, suppress tumor angiogenesis, and downregulate phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in gastric cancer cells (Zhao et al., 2007; Pan et al., 2009; Zhou and Shen, 2009; Tao et al., 2013).