NRF1 and diabetes mellitus: The expressions of SIRT1, phosphorylated AMPK (P-AMPK, Th172), AMPK α, SIRT1, PGC-1α, TFAM, and NRF1 proteins were all decreased in the DM model group when compared with the control group (p < 0.05) (Figure 7), indicating that the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway was inhibited in SN of diabetic rats.