The previous studies have shown that transplantation of testicular endothelial cells alone could restore spermatogenesis in mice after chemotherapy-induced depletion of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) [27], autologous spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation could rescue some forms of male infertility caused by Cldn11 deficiency [28] or alginate oligosaccharides improved testis and blood metabolomes to support the recovery of spermatogenesis [29]. Here, CLDN11 is linked to male infertility.