INS and obesity disorder: Previously, our research group conducted a study using placental samples taken at the time of birth from three groups of women: with obesity (BMI of 40.1 ± 1.6), with obesity and GDM treated with insulin (BMI of 38.7 ± 1.7), and without obesity (“lean”; BMI of 22.5 ± 0.5) [20, 21] in order to measure the effect of maternal obesity on PL levels in both tissue and in maternal serum.