Secondly, in order to provide an understanding of the link between metabolic programming and the increased incidence of metabolic diseases related to an altered intrauterine environment, future studies will be needed to investigate the possible correlation between obesity and DNA methylation levels, as well as the comparison of the different methylation patterns of GDM women treated with diet alone versus those treated with both diet and insulin. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.