GPC3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Furthermore, GPC3 peptide vaccines have been tested as (adjuvant) HCC therapy where they improved the 1-year recurrence rate of GPC3-positive tumors (Sawada et al. 2016) and an anti GPC-3/CD3 bispecific T cell-redirecting antibody has been investigated for the treatment of solid tumors (Ishiguro et al. 2017).