Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate GDF-15 and the ABC-AF-bleeding and ABC-AF-death scores across geographical regions using data from both the Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial and the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial. Here, GDF15 is linked to atrial fibrillation.