ADRB1 and heart failure: At the scale of the organ, the cellular changes induced by β1-AR activation can be arrhythmogenic in various pathologies including LQTS, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure (Grandi and Ripplinger, 2019), and it is estimated that roughly 50% of sudden deaths in heart failure are due to electrophysiological aberrations (Janse, 2004; Coronel et al., 2013).