Moreover, we detected the presence of genes responsible for cell adhesion and immune evasion in these S. chromogenes isolates, including atl, capO, capD, adsA and sbi. Notably, genes encoding toxins, such as beta hemolysin (hlb), lipases (lip and geh) and thermonuclease (nuc), were also confirmed (S5B Fig), which have been identified in S. chromogenes-mediated mastitis of bovines and goats [29, 30]. Here, NUCB1 is linked to mastitis.