TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: When IBD occurs, monocyte infiltration will increase and produce many pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNFα, IL-1, IL-23, and nitric oxide (Ogino et al., 2013; Bain and Mowat, 2014; Sanders et al., 2014; Magnusson et al., 2016; Joeris et al., 2017).