In a further exploratory analysis of women (n=15) with FGS and moderate or high genital Schistosoma DNA concentration (Schistosoma PCR Cq<35) there was evidence that the concentrations of cytokines IL-1α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-15, and TNF-α were elevated in participants with Schistosoma PCR Cq<35 compared to FGS negative women (Figure 6). Here, IL1A is linked to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.